Professional Milestones
- 1963-1965 Surveys of energetic electrons in Earth's magnetosphere.
- 1965 First direct detection of the diffusion of energetic electrons in the outer radiation zone.
- 1967 First successful plasma analyzer to employ continuous channel electron multipliers as detectors.
- 1967 First direct detection of the ion plasmas in the extraterrestrial ring current.
- 1970 Development of the first grey-coded energy-time spectrograms for ion and electron plasmas.
- 1971 Discovery of the direct entry of magnetosheath plasmas into the distant polar magnetosphere, i.e., the polar cusp.
- 1971 Development of the first full-color, energy-time spectrograms for ion and electron plasmas. Basic format is now the almost universally used display for plasma measurements.
- 1971 Discovery of the electron 'inverted-V' precipitation events that are associated with auroral arcs.
- 1972 First local-time survey of low-energy ion and electron precipitation into the auroral ionosphere.
- 1977 First detection of ionospheric ions in the magnetotail.
- 1979 Discovery of the boundary layer of the plasma sheet with simultaneous measurements from two spacecraft.
- 1980 Discovery of the plasma torus in Saturn's magnetosphere.
- 1981 First direct detection of field-aligned currents in Earth's magnetotail.
- 1981 Development of the first optical system to image Earth's auroral oval at visible wavelengths from a high-altitude sunlit orbit; Launch of the visible and ultraviolet imaging photometers with Dynamics Explorer 1.
- 1982 Discovery of the theta aurora.
- 1984 First direct detection of the currents in the magnetotail neutral sheet with a plasma analyzer.
- 1986 Discovery of transient decreases of ultraviolet dayglow, or 'atmospheric holes'; Participation in the debate arising from their interpretation as small comets.
- 1989 First successful search for small solar-system bodies near Earth with a telescope by the standard astronomical technique of image pairs of the same object.
- 1992 First simultaneous observations of ion and electron thermal plasmas in Earth's magnetotail beyond the Moon's orbit.